alexander i of yugoslavia siblings

In the fall of 1916, Alexander's long-standing dispute with the Black Hand group came to a head, when Colonel Dimitrijević began to criticize his leadership. He pushed the Ottomans out of Kosovo and helmed the Serbian Army on a review on the historically-important Field of Blackbirds on October 28, 1912. [8], In 1903, while young George and Alexander were in school,[citation needed] their father and a slew of conspirators pulled off a bloody coup d'état in the Kingdom of Serbia known as the May Overthrow in which King Alexander and Queen Draga were murdered and dismembered. This news of the event spread quickly around Bulgaria. He was assassinated by the Macedonian Vlado Chernozemski, during a 1934 state visit to France.[4]. [47] Alexander mused to Pribićević that: "We cannot stay together with the Croats. Three identical gunshot sounds were added to the film afterwards, when in reality Chernozemski fired his handgun over ten times, killing or wounding a total of 15 people. Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine: 14. [48] The way in which the banovinas were based on new borders that did not correspond to the historical regional borders led to much resentment, especially in Bosnia and Croatia. In 1921, Françoise was proposed as a potential bride for King Alexander I of Yugoslavia. The antagonism between the two rival royal houses was such that after the assassination of Prince Mihailo Obrenović in 1868 (an event Karađorđevićs were suspected of taking part in), the Obrenovićs resorted to making constitutional changes, specifically proclaiming the Karađorđevićs banned from entering Serbia and stripping them of their civic rights. [63] Mussolini had come to believe that it was only the personality of Alexander that was holding Yugoslavia together and if the King were assassinated, then Yugoslavia would descend into civil war, thus allowing Italy to annex certain regions of Yugoslavia without the fear of France. While the exact moment of shooting was not captured on film, the events leading to the assassination and the immediate aftermath were. Alexander I of Yugoslavia served as one of the leaders of the victorious Serbian Army at the Battle of Bregalnica against the Bulgarians in mid-1913. [47] On 1 December 1928, the lavish celebrations of the 10th anniversary of the founding of the Triune kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes that the government organized led to rioting that left 10 dead in Zagreb. He was the fourth child of the future King Peter I of Serbia and Princess Zorka of Montenegro.. Alexander had four siblings: Princess Jelena of Serbia (1884 - 1962) - married Prince Ioann Konstantinovich of Russia, had issue; Ioann was executed by the Bolsheviks on July 18. In 1940, after the fall of France they were released from prison by the Nazis. Several months later, Françoise and her mother and siblings returned to Morocco, this time settling in the French zone. [69] A prominent diplomat with the Palazzo Chigi, Baron Pompeo Aloisi, expressed fears that the Ustashi based in Italy had killed the King, and sought reassurances from another diplomat, Paolo Cortese, that Italy had not been involved. In 1903, during the bloody coup d'état that came to be known as the May Overthrow, Peter and his followers deposed the rival House of Obrenović. George killed his servant Kolaković by kicking him in the stomach, which served as the final straw. The new Macedoniangovernment had started repression against IMRO. Alexander was two when his mother Princess Zorka died in 1890 from complications while giving birth to his younger brother Andrija, who also died 23 days later. He was said to have wished to marry Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia, a cousin of his wife and the second daughter of Tsar Nicholas II, and was distraught by her untimely death in the Russian Civil War. On June 8, 1922, Alexander I of Yugoslavia exchanged wedding vows with Maria of Romania, the daughter of King Ferdinand I of Romania, in Belgrade. [18] Suspecting a threat to the throne, Alexander promptly had officers who were members of the Black Hand arrested in December 1916 and tried for insubordination; after their convictions, Dimitrijević and several other Black Hand leaders were executed by firing squad on 23 June 1917. [6] On 25 March 1909, Alexander was suddenly recalled to Belgrade by his father with no explanation offered other than that he had an important announcement for his son. Starting in 1926, an alliance of the Serb Democrats led by Svetozar Pribićević and the Croat Peasant Party led by Stjepan Radić had systematically obstructed the skupština to press for federalism for Yugoslavia, filibustering and filing nonsensical motions to prevent the government from passing any bills. [56] On 7 November 1932, Trumbić and Vladko Maček of the Croat Peasant Party issued the so-called Zagreb Points, which demanded a new constitution which would turn Yugoslavia into a federation, stating that otherwise the Croats would demand independence. Alexander I (Serbian: Александар I Карађорђевић, romanized: Aleksandar I Karađorđević, pronounced [aleksǎːndar př̩ʋiː karad͡ʑǒːrd͡ʑeʋit͡ɕ]) (16 December 1888 [O.S. [53] The Croat politician Ante Trumbić summed up the feelings of many when he gave a speech in early 1931 stating: "We are in a crisis, an economic, financial and moral crisis. [56] For Alexander, who always respected and liked Trumbić to see his former friend come very close to embracing Croat separatism was a painful blow. One of the first acts of the new regime was to carry out a purge of the civil service with one-third of the civil service being fired by May 1929 in an attempt to address popular complaints about rampant corruption in the bureaucracy. He had great charm and simplicity of manner. "[60], The French Foreign Minister Louis Barthou had attempted in 1934 to build an alliance meant to contain Germany consisting of France's allies in Eastern Europe like Yugoslavia together with Italy and the Soviet Union. [65][failed verification][dubious – discuss], While Alexander was being slowly driven in a car through the streets along with French Foreign Minister Louis Barthou, a gunman, the MacedonianVlado Chernozemski,[66] stepped from the street and shot the King twice, and the chauffeur, with a Mauser C96 semiautomatic pistol. "The Hungarian-Italian Support of the Croatian Separatism between 1928 and 1934", "The assassination of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia in the light of archival press articles", "The Dictatorship of King Alexander and the Roman Catholic Church 1929–1934", https://www.telegraf.rs/vesti/716587-ko-su-karadjordjevici-dinastija-koja-u-svojoj-krvi-ima-gene-karadjordja-nemanjica-i-romanova-foto-rodoslov, "„Aleksandar od Jugoslavije" od 15. marta na Nova S", "Subsídio para a história das relações bilaterais entre Portugal ea Sérvia", Ordem Militar da Torre e Espada – Processos de Estrangeiros: Príncipe Alexandre (Regente do Reino dos Sérvios, Croatas e Eslovenos), Wedding of King Alexander I and Princess Maria at Belgrade (1922), The first recorded sound movie of speech of the king Alexander I (Under of Yugoslav Sky, 1933 – Yugoslav Film Archive), Newsreel footage of the Assassination of King Alexander, The Funeral of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia at Belgrade (1934), British Pathé, The Official Website of the Serbian Royal Family, Newspaper clippings about Alexander I of Yugoslavia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia&oldid=1016876946, Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree, Grand Masters of the Order of the White Eagle (Serbia), Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Alexander (Bulgaria), Grand Masters of the Order of the Yugoslav Crown, Burials at the Mausoleum of the Royal House of Karađorđević, Oplenac, Recipients of the Order of Karađorđe's Star, Grand Crosses of the Order of the Sun of Peru, Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal), Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword, Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, Grand Crosses of the House Order of the Wendish Crown, Articles containing Serbian-language text, Articles with Bulgarian-language sources (bg), Articles with German-language sources (de), Pages using infobox military person with embed, Instances of Lang-sr using second unnamed parameter, Articles lacking in-text citations from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles needing cleanup from October 2020, Articles with close paraphrasing from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles with failed verification from October 2020, Articles with disputed statements from October 2020, Articles with incomplete citations from February 2021, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Commemorative Medal of the first Balkan War, 1912, Commemorative Medal of the second Balkan War, 1913, Commemorative Medal of the Election of Peter I as King of Serbia, A heavily fictionalized version of the assassination serves as the opening to the book, This page was last edited on 9 April 2021, at 15:14. The Croat members subsequently pulled out of Skupština. He had four siblings, Helen, Princess of Russia; Princess Milena; George, Crown Prince of Serbia; and Prince Andrew. [56] Alexander had Maček imprisoned without charges, but the issuing of the Zagreb points inspired the other peoples to issue similar declarations with the Slovenes issuing the Ljubljana Points, the Bosnian Muslims issuing the Sarajevo Points and the Magyars issuing the Novi Sad points. [45] In fact, Alexander I and Benito Mussolini were archrivals. Siblings: King George II of Greece Princess Helen of Greece and Denmark, Queen Mother of Romania King Paul of Greece: Marriage: Aspasia Manos Wedding: 4.11.1919 in Tatoi: Children: Princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark, Queen consort of Yugoslavia: Profession: King of the Hellenes (11 June 1917 - … A Mauser C96 semi-automatic pistol with a 10-round magazine is shown as the assassination weapon, while the actual one had a 20-round magazine. [11] In March 1912 Serbia and Bulgaria signed a defensive alliance that was later (May 1912) joined by Greece. [47] He also changed the name of the country to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and changed the internal divisions from the 33 oblasts to nine new banovinas on 3 October. In March 1909, Alexander was abruptly called back to Belgrade by his father with no clarification given other than he had a crucial declaration to make to his son. [25] Alexander repeatedly exposed himself to danger during the march to the sea while his health declined. [13], After the Ottoman withdrawal from Skopje (most of whom had left after the Albanian revolt of 1912), Prince Alexander was met with flowers by the local people. In March 1933, the French minister in Belgrade, Paul-Émile Naggiar, told Alexander that France was seriously worried about the stability of Yugoslavia, warning that the King could not continue to rule in face of opposition from the majority of his subjects, and that the viewpoint from Paris was that Alexander was starting to become a liability for France. Maria was born on January 6 1900, in Gotha, Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha, Thuringen, Germany. Through these measures, Alexander I of Yugoslavia ended up establishing a police state that needed military support to retain its power. [26] The losses taken by Serb civilians during the autumn campaign in 1915 together with the retreat to the sea have never been calculated, but are estimated to be massive. [58] Naggiar predicated the new regime in Germany was going to challenge the international order created by the Treaty of Versailles sooner or later, and France needed Yugoslavia to be stable and strong, which led Naggiar to advise the King to adopt federalism for his realm. His mother passed away in 1890. [30] The Italians had ambitions to annex Dalmatia, Istria and much of Slovenia, leading the Croats and the Slovenes to prefer living with their fellow Slavs. In this Alexander bested Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijević "Apis" and in the wake of this Alexander's father, King Peter, agreed to hand over royal powers to his son. In September 1934, Alexander visited Sofia to improve relations with Bulgaria. On March 27, 1909, Alexander’s older brother George stepped aside in his favor as the crown prince of Serbia. [33], In August 1921, on the death of his father, Alexander inherited the throne of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which from its inception was colloquially known both in the Kingdom and the rest of Europe alike as Yugoslavia. Zorka of Montenegro: 14. In 1909, after his older brother stepped aside, Alexander was named the crown prince. For the part of the Yugoslav public, it was shocking that the assassination had happened on French soil. One of Alexander's most cherished moments came when he drove the Ottomans out of Kosovo and on 28 October 1912 led the Serb Army on a review on the Field of Blackbirds. Helen was also a niece of Princess Anastasia of Montenegro, wife of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia, and of Princess Milica of Montenegro, wife of Grand Duke Peter … [39], As a Karađorđević, Alexander was very conscious of the long blood-feud between the Houses of Obrenović and Karađorđević that had disfigured Serb politics in the 19th century and that the 1903 coup d'état that finally brought down the Obrenovićs and led to the Karađorđevićs regaining the throne had happened because the last Obrenović king, King Alexander, was widely viewed as too subservient to the Austrian empire and to have betrayed Serb interests. [22] In a letter to King Nicholas of Montenegro, Alexander wrote: "God has willed yet again that the Serbian people should give their lives for Serbs everywhere...I pray for the support of my dear and wise forefathers". 1, January 2010. Alexander died in the car, slumped backwards in the seat, with his eyes open. [52], In response to the impoverishment of the countryside caused by the Great Depression, Alexander reaffirmed in a speech the right of every peasant family to a minimum amount of land that could not be seized by a bank in the event of a debt default, and in 1932 issued a decree suspending all debt payments by farmers to the banks for six months and forbade any more foreclosures by the banks against farmers. Furthermore, he attempted to alleviate financial issues of the peasantry, improve relations with Bulgaria in 1933, and entered his kingdom into the Little Entente with Czechoslovakia and Romania in 1920-21 and the Balkan Entente with Greece, Turkey, and Romania in 1934. Countess Julia Hauke: 7. Seton-Watson, who knew Alexander well, called him a soldiery man most comfortable in a military milieu who was very quiet and surprisingly modest for a king. "The suicide-assassin from VMRO was Vlado Cernozemski, who on orders from Mihajlov and his ethno-national VMRO, which was defined as Bulgarian, killed the Yugoslav king Alexander I Karadzordzevic and the French Minister of Foreign Affairs Louis Bareau in Marseille in 1934." [8] The Field of Blackbirds was where the Serbs under Prince Lazar had been defeated in a legendary battle by the Ottoman Sultan Murad I on 28 June 1389 and is regarded by the Serbs as holy ground. His grandfather, Prince Alexander of Serbia, was removed from power in 1858 by the members of the House of Obrenović. [25] On 14 October 1915 Bulgaria invaded Serbia and on 16 October the Bulgarians took Niš, severing the railroad that linked Serbia to Salonika in Greece. [33] On 25 February 1919 Alexander signed a land reform degree breaking up all feudal estates over the size of 100 cadastral yokes with compensation to be paid for the former landowners except for those who belonged to the House of Habsburg and the other ruling families of enemy states in the Great War. He rebuilt the state administration and systematized legal systems, school curricula, and national holidays. 4 December] – 9 October 1934), also known as Alexander the Unifier,[2][3] was a prince regent of the Kingdom of Serbia from 1914 and later a King of Yugoslavia from 1921 to 1934 (prior to 1929 the state was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes). [64], As a result of the previous deaths of three family members on Tuesdays, Alexander refused to undertake any public functions on that day of the week. Alexander proved himself to be a capable commander during the Balkan Wars of 1912-13. After the Ustaše's Velebit uprising in November 1932, Alexander said through an intermediary to the Italian government, "If you want to have serious riots in Yugoslavia or cause a regime change, you need to kill me. [49] Alexander replaced the three regional flags for the Triune kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes with a single flag for the entire country, brought in a single legal code for his realm, imposed a single fiscal code so all of his subjects would pay the same tax rate, and a Yugoslav Agrarian Bank was created by merging all of the regional agrarian banks into one. Together with Tsar Ferdinand's son, Crown Prince Boris (the future Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria), Alexander traveled to Saint Petersburg to see the Russian Emperor Nicholas II to ask for Russian mediation on certain points that were dividing the Serbs and Bulgarians. King Peter II of Yugoslavia was the last King of Yugoslavia. Alexander I of Yugoslavia: 12. [36] Seton-Watson wrote that Alexander "...was very courageous, though not ever a man of strong physique or robust health. [47], In response to the political crisis triggered by the assassination of Stjepan Radić, King Alexander abolished the Constitution on 6 January 1929, prorogued the Parliament and introduced a personal dictatorship (the so-called "January 6th Dictatorship", Šestojanuarska diktatura). Later in 1913, during the Second Balkan War, Alexander commanded the Serb Army at the Battle of Bregalnica against the Bulgarians. Early life. His mother is Maria of Yugoslavia and his father is Alexander I of Yugoslavia. Alexander survived an assassination attempt on June 28, 1921, the day that he took an oath to honor the constitution. (Bugarka! HRH Crown Prince Alexander Karadordjevic sent a public message to all citizens of the Republic of Serbia on the occasion of the declaration of a state of emergency. In the coming years, the new Regency of Prince Paul attempted to keep neutral balance between London and Berlin until 1940–41 when he was forced under heavy pressure to join the Tripartite Pact. No. [citation needed] [6] During his time in St. Petersburg, Alexander visited the Alexander Nevsky Monastery, where the abbot gave Alexander an icon of Prince Alexander Nevsky and guided him to the grave of Marshal Alexander Suvorov. He had a strong fixity of purpose, great devotion to duty, powers of sustained work. Alexander is interred at Oplenac, Topola, Serbia. The first attempt on his life was made on the day he took an oath to honor the Serbian Constitution in June 1921. The body of the chauffeur (who had been wounded) slumped and jammed against the brakes of the car, allowing the cameraman to continue filming from within inches of the King for a number of minutes afterwards. Alexander I of Yugoslavia. Alexander Karađorđević was born on 16 December 1888 in the Principality of Montenegro as the fourth child (second son) of Peter Karađorđević (son of Prince Alexander of Serbia who thirty years earlier in 1858 was forced to abdicate and surrender power in Serbia to the rival House of Obrenović) and Princess Zorka of Montenegro (eldest daughter of Prince Nicholas of Montenegro). [55] The losses taken by the banks and their inability to foreclose on farmers who had delinquent loans made the banks unwilling to make new loans to the farmers. 109-148. sfn error: no target: CITEREFStrachan2003 (. One of Alexander's first acts as Prince Regent of the new kingdom was to declare his support for the widespread demand for land reform, stating: "In our free state there can and will be only free landowners". and Alexander I of Yugoslavia was 40 years old when Prince born. Alexander, 1888–1934, king of Yugoslavia (1921–34), son and successor of Peter I [1]. By the time he was removed from the scene, the King was already dead. [45] After the coup d'état in May 1934 in Sofia, King Alexander also hoped that Bulgaria would joined to the Balkan Entente. In the run-up to the First Balkan War of 1912–1913, Alexander played the role of a diplomat, visiting Sofia to meet Tsar Ferdinand of Bulgaria for secret talks for a Balkan League, which was intended to drive the Ottomans out of the Balkans. [55] Though Alexander's measures preventing the banks to foreclose on farmers who were unable to pay their loans saved many peasants from being ruined and prevented economic distress in the countryside from turning political, in the long run his policies did not solve the economic problems of the rural areas. Media related to Alexander I of Yugoslavia at Wikimedia Commons, Prince regent of Kingdom of Serbia and later King of Yugoslavia 1921–34, Alternative pronunciations of 'Aleksandar' and 'I' are. The assassin was a member of the pro-MacedonianInternal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO or VMRO) and an experienced marksman. Through it, the dictatorship was legitimized. Milena and Andrew did not survive childhood. [64] Public opinion and press in Yugoslavia held that Italy had been crucial in the planning and directing of the assassination. Crown Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia (* 17.7.1945) King Peter II of Yugoslavia (* 6.9.1923, O 20.3.1944, † 3.11.1970) King Alexander I of Yugoslavia (* 16.12.1888, O 8.6.1922, † 9.10.1934) King Peter I of Serbia (* 29.6.1844, O 1.8.1883, † 16.8.1921) Princess Zorka of Montenegro (* 23.12.1864, O 1.8.1883, † … In a video message, he called for the community of everyone and stressed the importance of listening to the instructions issued by … The bomb was thrown from a balcony and it got stuck in the telephone wires and it ended up wounding several bystanders.[44]. [35] Seton-Watson described Alexander as having an "autocratic" personality, a man who was first and foremost a soldier who spent "six of his formative years" in the Serbian Army, which left him with a "military outlook which unfitted him to deal with the delicate problems of constitutional government and which made compromise hard for him". [48] The banovinas were named after the topography of Yugoslavia rather than the historical names in a bid to weaken regional loyalties, being governed by bans appointed by the King. "[37] One of the things that historians can be certain about Alexander was his belief in keeping Yugoslavia as a unitary state and his consistent opposition to federalism, which he believed would lead to the break-up of Yugoslavia and perhaps his own assassination. A Macedonianmilitary organisation Zveno supported unification Bulgaria and Albania into Yugoslavia which agreed with Alexander's policy Balkan for the Balkan peoples. [52] The British historian Richard Crampton wrote many Serbs "...were alienated by the attempt, albeit unsuccessful, to lessen the Serbian domination on which, to add insult to injury, many of the faults of the previous system were blamed. The death caused a huge scandal amongst the Serbian public as well as in the Austro-Hungarian press, which reported extensively on it, and 21-year-old Prince George was forced into renouncing his claim to the throne. Of the Karadjordjević family, he was educated in Russia and became crown prince of Serbia upon the renunciation (1909) of the succession by his brother George. He banned all the political parties representing a particular ethnicity, religion, or region. [46] In response to obstructionism from the opposition parties, in June 1928, one frustrated deputy from Montenegro took out his handgun and shot Radić on the floor of the skupština. [31] Serbia had been devastated by the war, and 1 out of every 5 Serbs who were alive in 1914 were dead by 1918. "[53] However, Alexander remain unperturbed, stating in an interview with the press: "Yugoslav politics will never again be driven by narrow religious, regional or national interests". [23] Upon reaching the sea, the surviving Serbs who numbered about 140,000 were rescued by British and French ships, which took them to Corfu. Alexander was two when his mother Princess Zorka died in 1890 from complications while giving birth to his younger brother Andrija, who also died only 23 days later. The nations under his control drastically differed from each other in politics and ethnicity, making the kingdom an extremely volatile state. [57] The often violent response of the mainly Serb gendarmes to Ustashe terrorism fuelled more support for the Ustashe. [33] In Croatia, Slovenia, and the Vojvodina, the majority of the landlords who lost their land were Austrian or Hungarian nobility who usually did not reside in those places, meaning that however much they might have resented the loss of their land it did not have the sort of political repercussions it did in Macedonia and in Bosnia where the Albanian and Bosnian Muslim landlords lived. Alexander received his elementary education [ 64 ] Aloisi was not reassured when Cortese told him with! Way to be the birth of the Little Entente and the Destruction of Tradition Cathie. Constitution in June 1917, the events leading to the King at the age of 61 ( was... Crucial in the car, slumped backwards in the French zone Serbia had rival claims to the previous level order. Implicitly made the Serbs who had fallen in that earlier battle Zorka of Montenegro ( years... In chair ), son and successor of Peter I of Romania who! 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