the battle of stalingrad

To go alongside this fantastic new campaign book, we’ve got an amazing battle set to complete your collection – these sets are crammed with miniatures and exclusive MDF terrain produced by our friends at Sarissa Precision. In the porch lay the skeleton of a horse, with only a few scraps of meat still clinging to its ribs. [125] Weakened by disease, starvation and lack of medical care during the encirclement, they were sent on foot marches to prisoner camps and later to labour camps all over the Soviet Union. Stalingrad Battle Sets. Army Group South was split into Army Group A (under Field Marshal Wilhelm List) and Army Group B (under Bock). The Soviet 13th Guards Rifle Division, assigned to counterattack at the Mamayev Kurgan and at Railway Station No. The USSR lost 4,341 tanks destroyed or damaged, 15,728 artillery pieces and 2,769 combat aircraft. The prestige of Stalin, the Soviet Union, and the worldwide Communist movement was immense, and their political position greatly enhanced.[137]. An estimated 40,000 civilians died as well. The sick and wounded reached 40,000 to 50,000. [33]:132–33, 138–143, 150, 155, 165, On 16 December, the Soviets launched Operation Little Saturn, which attempted to punch through the Axis army (mainly Italians) on the Don and take Rostov-on-Don. Soviet soldiers on the offensive against German troops during the Battle of Stalingrad, February 1943. Behind the front lines, no preparations had been made to defend key points in the rear such as Kalach. Starting 23 October 1942, Romanian pilots flew a total of 4,000 sorties, during which they destroyed 61 Soviet aircraft. ", harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCraig1973 (, {{cite web "[33]:201, 203 On 28 January, the cauldron was split into three parts. The Axis suffered 647,300 – 968,374 total casualties (killed, wounded or captured) among all branches of the German armed forces and its allies: 235,000 German and allied troops in total, from all units, including Manstein's ill-fated relief force, were captured during the battle.[115]. Kleist later said after the war:[43], The capture of Stalingrad was subsidiary to the main aim. VIII. Stalin and the Soviet high command responded to the summer offensive by forming the Stalingrad Front with the Sixty-second, Sixty-third, and Sixty-fourth Armies, under Marshal Semyon Timoshenko. A new base was established some 300 km (190 mi) from Stalingrad at Salsk, the additional distance would become another obstacle to the resupply efforts. Glantz, David M. & House, Jonathan (2009). [54] Fighting on and around Mamayev Kurgan, a prominent hill above the city, was particularly merciless; indeed, the position changed hands many times.[33]:67–68[40]:?[56]. Fliegerkorps dispatched wave after wave of Stuka dive-bombers to prevent a breakthrough. "We had had to pay a high cost in men and material...left on the Kalach battlefield were numerous burnt-out or shot-up German tanks. [30]:153 Transport aircraft also evacuated technical specialists and sick or wounded personnel from the besieged enclave. [40]:401 He remained in the Soviet Union until 1952, then moved to Dresden in East Germany, where he spent the remainder of his days defending his actions at Stalingrad and was quoted as saying that Communism was the best hope for postwar Europe. [33]:153 As Zhukov states, "The military and political leadership of Nazi Germany sought not to relieve them, but to get them to fight on for as long possible so as to tie up the Soviet forces. A significant historical debate concerns the degree of terror in the Red Army.  |work =PBS During the defence of Stalingrad, the Red Army deployed five armies in and around the city (28th, 51st, 57th, 62nd and 64th Armies); and an additional nine armies in the encirclement counteroffensive[41]:435–438 (24th, 65th, 66th Armies and 16th Air Army from the north as part of the Don Front offensive, and 1st Guards Army, 5th Tank, 21st Army, 2nd Air Army and 17th Air Army from the south as part of the Southwestern Front). On 31 January, regular programmes on German state radio were replaced by a broadcast of the sombre Adagio movement from Anton Bruckner's Seventh Symphony, followed by the announcement of the defeat at Stalingrad. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBeevor1999 (, Alexander Werth, Russia at War 1941–1945, New York, E. P. Dutton & Co, Inc., 1964, p. 562. Hence it was ineffective in relieving the 6th Army. By mid-September the Germans had pushed the Soviet forces in Stalingrad back until the latter occupied only a 9-mile- (15-km-) long strip of the city along the Volga, and that strip was only 2 or 3 miles (3 to 5 km) wide. He denied that he was the commander of the remaining northern pocket in Stalingrad and refused to issue an order in his name for them to surrender. The northern cauldron consisted of the XIth Corps, the central with the VIIIth and LIst Corps, and the southern with the XIVth Panzer Corps and IVth Corps "without units". Before the Heer reached the city itself, the Luftwaffe had cut off shipping on the Volga, vital for bringing supplies into the city. The surrounded Axis personnel comprised 265,000 Germans, Romanians, Italians,[85][page needed] and the Croatians. After the Battle of Stalingrad, even the tone of the Nazi propaganda changed. 227 of 27 July 1942 decreed that all commanders who ordered unauthorised retreats would be subject to a military tribunal. It took a few more days for them to prepare for the most savage offensive of all, which was unleashed on 14 October with a concentration of gunfire never seen before. Stalin rushed all available troops to the east bank of the Volga, some from as far away as Siberia. This was accomplished by Romanian Vickers/Reșița 75 mm anti-aircraft guns, which proved effective against Soviet armour. [48] During the battle the 62nd Army had the most arrests and executions: 203 in all, of which 49 were executed, while 139 were sent to penal companies and battalions. For his part, Hitler continued to directly intervene at the operational level, and in August he ordered Hoth to turn around and head toward Stalingrad from the south. In North Africa Rommel’s long success ended in late 1942 when the British broke through at El Alamein. Luftflotte 4 flew 1,250 sorties on 14 October and its Stukas dropped 550 tonnes of bombs, while German infantry surrounded the three factories. Poor weather prevented effective air action against the Soviet offensive. The battle at Stalingrad bled the German army dry in Russia and after this defeat, the Germany Army was in full retreat. On May 1, 1945, he personally accepted the German surrender of Berlin. [33]:207–08, 212–15 When interrogated by the Soviets, Paulus claimed that he had not surrendered. Ultimately, however, Romanian armoured warfare proved to be a tactical success, as the Romanians destroyed 127 Soviet tanks for the cost of their 100 lost units. Supplying the 270,000 men trapped in the "cauldron" required 700 tons of supplies a day. After the German defeat at Stalingrad the German Army was in full retreat.. [1]:80 The German air arm found itself spread thinly across Europe, struggling to maintain its strength in the other southern sectors of the Soviet-German front. The battle of Stalingrad began in August 1942, when German troops tried to take control of the city. The burden of the initial defence of the city fell on the 1077th Anti-Aircraft Regiment,[41]:106 a unit made up mainly of young female volunteers who had no training for engaging ground targets. Zhukov states, "Compared with the Germans, the troops of the satellites were not so well armed, less experienced and less efficient, even in defence. The Soviet Sixty-second Army was pushed back into Stalingrad proper, where, under the command of Gen. Vasily I. Chuikov, it made a determined stand. He telegraphed the 6th Army later that day, claiming that it had made a historic contribution to the greatest struggle in German history and that it should stand fast "to the last soldier and the last bullet." Between 23 and 26 August, Soviet reports indicate 955 people were killed and another 1,181 wounded as a result of the bombing. Free Course Work - Because We are Leaders. The calculation of casualties depends on what scope is given to the Battle of Stalingrad. The Germans lost 900 aircraft (including 274 transports and 165 bombers used as transports), 500 tanks and 6,000 artillery pieces. In addition, seizing the city that bore the name of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin would serve as a great personal and propaganda victory for Adolf Hitler. The German high command urged Hitler to allow Paulus and his forces to break out of the encirclement and rejoin the main German forces west of the city, but Hitler would not contemplate a retreat from the Volga River and ordered Paulus to “stand and fight.” With winter setting in and food and medical supplies dwindling, Paulus’s forces grew weaker. The Russians weapons used were the SVT-40, PPD-40, PPsh-41, and the RG-33 stick grenade. 282,606 in the 6th Army from 21 August to the end of the battle; 17,293 in the 4th Panzer Army from 21 August to 31 January; 55,260 in the. The public mood was sullen, depressed, fearful, and war-weary. On 22 January, Rokossovsky once again offered Paulus a chance to surrender. [citation needed] Some have presumed that they were motivated by a belief that fighting on was better than a slow death in Soviet captivity. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [49][50][51][52] The Germans pushing forward into Stalingrad suffered heavy casualties. Soviet forces are estimated to have suffered 1,100,000 casualties, and approximately 40,000 civilians died. [25]:528 The expansion of objectives was a significant factor in Germany's failure at Stalingrad, caused by German overconfidence and an underestimation of Soviet reserves. There they were held, and in November a Soviet counterblow cut off the German striking forces, which surrendered in February 1943. The Soviets built up a large number of artillery batteries on the east bank of the Volga. Nevertheless, the fighting continued, especially on the slopes of Mamayev Kurgan and inside the factory area in the northern part of the city. – Т. From. To the south, Army Group A was pushing far into the Caucasus, but their advance slowed as supply lines grew overextended. Stretching about 30 miles (50 km) along the banks of the Volga River, Stalingrad was a large industrial city producing armaments and tractors and was an important prize in itself for the invading German army. Some German officers requested that Paulus defy Hitler's orders to stand fast and instead attempt to break out of the Stalingrad pocket. Even with the desperate situation of the 6th Army, Army Group A continued their invasion of the Caucasus further south from 19 November until 19 December. Neither Army Group North nor Army Group South had been particularly hard pressed over the winter. Manstein, however, who knew that Sixth Army could not survive the winter there, instructed his headquarters to draw up a further plan in the event of Hitler's seeing sense. Most notably, he promoted Paulus to the rank of Generalfeldmarschall. In that basement [...] there were still two hundred Germans—dying of hunger and frostbite. "[61], Many women fought on the Soviet side, or were under fire. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. A common saying was: "You cannot stop an army which has done Stalingrad." (1990). Stalin was feted as the hero of the hour and made a Marshal of the Soviet Union. Diary 2: Webshop 2: Links. The Soviets were initially surprised by the number of Germans they had trapped, and had to reinforce their encircling troops. Winter weather conditions, technical failures, heavy Soviet anti-aircraft fire and fighter interceptions eventually led to the loss of 488 German aircraft. [44] After 23 January, there were no more reported landings, just intermittent air drops of ammunition and food until the end. Best Laboratory Work in our Essay Team. "Исторические документы. It raged for 199 days. Copyright disclaimer: The use of this work is for non-profit educational purposes. Meanwhile, the Hungarian 2nd Army and the German 4th Panzer Army had launched an assault on Voronezh, capturing the city on 5 July. The Luftwaffe also lost close to 1,000 highly experienced bomber crew personnel. The Soviets responded by fixing fish hooks to the grenades so they stuck to the nets when thrown. Manstein now saw the enormous technical difficulties of a supply by air of these dimensions. Paulus chose the grain elevator and silos as the symbol of Stalingrad for a patch he was having designed to commemorate the battle after a German victory. The British historian Antony Beevor noted the "sinister" message from the Stalingrad Front's Political Department on 8 October 1942 that: "The defeatist mood is almost eliminated and the number of treasonous incidents is getting lower" as an example of the sort of coercion Red Army soldiers experienced under the Special Detachments (later to be renamed SMERSH). The Luftwaffe helped repel the offensive by heavily attacking Soviet artillery positions and defensive lines. 22 November, 1942. An Operation that Zhukov had planned since September, codenamed Operation Uranus, is well underway. Army Group B was in disarray and faced strong Soviet pressure across all its fronts. Although Stalin sent every available support to the city in the form of military, he prevented civilians from leaving the city as a form of emotional blackmail upon his own soldiers - claiming that they would prefer to fight for a "living city" rather than rubble. Battle of Stalingrad Question: Why did Hitler want to take the city of Stalingrad? The Luftwaffe retained air superiority into November, and Soviet daytime aerial resistance was nonexistent. Buildings had to be cleared room by room through the bombed-out debris of residential areas, office blocks, basements and apartment high-rises. General Zhukov, who had played such an important role in the victory, later led the Soviet drive on Berlin. One thrust would come from the area of Kotelnikovo, well to the south, and around a hundred miles from the Sixth Army. But already the enemy was attacking the station with their battle-cries of 'Urrah!'" After being put on public display in Britain, this was presented to Stalin by Winston Churchill at the Tehran Conference later in 1943. The battle degenerated into house-to-house fighting, as both sides poured reinforcements into the city. It also caused a gap between the two forces, allowing Soviet forces to escape encirclement and retreat to the east. The Battle of Stalingrad marked the turning point of World War II. The plan was similar to the one Zhukov had used to achieve victory at Khalkhin Gol three years before, where he had sprung a double envelopment and destroyed the 23rd Division of the Japanese army.[84]. "As quick as lightning, the Panzergrenadiers jumped from their wagons. The Battle of Stalingrad was a result of Hitler’s decision to invade the Soviet Union without any declaration of war. [33]:183, 185, 189. For both Stalin and Hitler, Stalingrad became a matter of prestige far beyond its strategic significance. The operative report of the Don Front's staff issued on 5 February 1943, 22:00 said, The 64th Army was putting itself in order, being in previously occupied regions. The scope can vary from the fighting in the city and suburbs to the inclusion of almost all fighting on the southern wing of the Soviet–German front from the spring of 1942 to the end of the fighting in the city in the winter of 1943. [33]:212[104][105], On the next day, the southern pocket in Stalingrad collapsed. The Red Army gradually adopted a strategy to hold for as long as possible all the ground in the city. The Stalingrad battle set and the Enemy at the Gates Collector’s Edition are both available to pre-order THIS MONDAY! At the start, Stalingrad was no more than a name on the map to us. Numbers of casualties are difficult to compile due to the vast scope of the battle and the fact that the Soviet government did not allow estimates to be made, for fear the cost would be shown to be too high. These operations opened the Winter Campaign of 1942–1943 (19 November 1942 – 3 March 1943), which involved some fifteen Armies operating on several fronts. But in its defensive position on the Volga, the 6th Army continued to tie down a significant number of Soviet Armies. The memorial was finished in 1967; its focal point is The Motherland Calls, a great 52-metre- (172-foot-) high statue of a winged female figure holding a sword aloft. Raymond Limbach is an independent historian who has an M.A. The aim was to win as much time as possible to withdraw forces from the Caucasus (Army Group A) and to rush troops from other Fronts to form a new front that would be able in some measure to check our counter-offensive. Only on December 28 was Army Group A ordered to withdraw from the Caucasus. The Front was reformed from reserve armies on 22 October 1942. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBergström2007 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGlantz1995 (, Великая Отечественная война 1941–1945 годов. On 19 November, the Red Army launched Operation Uranus, a two-pronged attack targeting the weaker Romanian and Hungarian armies protecting the 6th Army's flanks. The German offensive started well. Of the 91,000 men who surrendered, only some 5,000–6,000 ever returned to their homelands (the last of them a full decade after the end of the war in 1945); the rest died in Soviet prison and labour camps. Introduction 2: Highlights 2: Maps 2: Documents 2. The battle began with the heavy bombing of the city by Generaloberst Wolfram von Richthofen's Luftflotte 4, which in the summer and autumn of 1942 was the single most powerful air formation in the world. Generals At War episode 5 – The Battle of Stalingrad: 1942 – as the Germans storm across the Soviet Union, Hitler becomes obsessed with taking Stalingrad – the city which bears the name of his arch-enemy Joseph Stalin.The German army is led by General Paulus, a meticulous war gamer. The other would start from the Chir front west of the Don, which was little more than forty miles from the edge of the Kessel, but the continuing attacks of Romanenko's 5th Tank Army against the German detachments along the river Chir ruled out that start-line. The 51st Army Corps' 295th Infantry Division went after the Mamayev Kurgan hill, the 71st attacked the central rail station and toward the central landing stage on the Volga, while 48th Panzer Corps attacked south of the Tsaritsa River. The plan was to punch through the overstretched and weakly defended German flanks and surround the German forces in the Stalingrad region. The Austrian divisional commander, General Erhard Raus, was summoned to Manstein's royal carriage in Kharkov station on 24 November, where the field marshal briefed him. He acknowledged the heavy moral sacrifice that giving up Stalingrad would mean, but this would be made easier to bear by conserving the combat power of the Sixth Army and regaining the initiative. [4]:310 So heavy were the Luftwaffe's losses that four of Luftflotte 4's transport units (KGrzbV 700, KGrzbV 900, I./KGrzbV 1 and II./KGzbV 1) were "formally dissolved. For six months, two massive military forces, each instructed by their respective leader not to cede an inch to the enemy, fought for control of the city that bore the Soviet dictator’s name. These bridgeheads in retrospect presented a serious threat to Army Group B. Secondly, its capture would secure the left flank of the German armies as they advanced into the oil-rich Caucasus region -- with a goal of cutting off fuel to Stalin’s war machine. We start 1943 under conditions I would never have dared to hope. On 23 December, the Soviet 24th Tank Corps, commanded by Major-General Vasily Mikhaylovich Badanov, reached nearby Skassirskaya and in the early morning of 24 December, the tanks reached Tatsinskaya. [33]:28, 30, 40, 48, 57. A low-level Soviet envoy party (comprising Major Aleksandr Smyslov, Captain Nikolay Dyatlenko and a trumpeter) carried generous surrender terms to Paulus: if he surrendered within 24 hours, he would receive a guarantee of safety for all prisoners, medical care for the sick and wounded, prisoners being allowed to keep their personal belongings, "normal" food rations, and repatriation to any country they wished after the war. In mid-December Hitler ordered one of the most-talented German commanders, Field Marshal Erich von Manstein, to form a special army corps to rescue Paulus’s forces by fighting its way eastward (Operation Winter Tempest), but Hitler refused to let Paulus fight his way westward at the same time in order to link up with Manstein. The attacking Soviet units under the command of Gen. Nikolay Vatutin consisted of three complete armies, the 1st Guards Army, 5th Tank Army and 21st Army, including a total of 18 infantry divisions, eight tank brigades, two motorised brigades, six cavalry divisions and one anti-tank brigade. "[1]:122, Manstein's plan to rescue the Sixth Army – Operation Winter Storm – was developed in full consultation with Führer headquarters. In the Battle of Stalingrad (23 August 1942 – 2 February 1943),[17][18][19][20] Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in Southern Russia. Without any soldiers to defend the airfield, it was abandoned under heavy fire; in a little under an hour, 108 Ju 52s and 16 Ju 86s took off for Novocherkassk – leaving 72 Ju 52s and many other aircraft burning on the ground. On 23 August the 6th Army reached the outskirts of Stalingrad in pursuit of the 62nd and 64th Armies, which had fallen back into the city. Ivan's War (New York: 2006), 156. quoted in Merridale, Catherine. Published by darkkorlok (mod ID: 828553) Some, including Paulus, signed anti-Hitler statements that were broadcast to German troops. [64] Soviet nurses not only treated wounded personnel under fire but were involved in the highly dangerous work of bringing wounded soldiers back to the hospitals under enemy fire. Based on Soviet records, over 10,000 German soldiers continued to resist in isolated groups within the city for the next month. Marked by fierce close-quarters combat and direct assaults on civilians in air raids, it is one of the bloodiest battles in the history of warfare, with an estimated 2 million total casualties. The casualties and losses were about 728,000 men for Germany and 1,129,619 men for Soviet Union. Stalin's Order No. Germany's Sixth Army had ceased to exist, and the forces of Germany's European allies, except Finland, had been shattered. When a position was lost, an immediate attempt was usually made to re-take it with fresh forces. Stalingrad. The Romanian Air Force lost 79 aircraft, most of them captured on the ground along with their airfields. [135] The Turkish Consul in Moscow predicted that "the lands which the Germans have destined for their living space will become their dying space". And we all – it's true – felt better. This would allow the Germans in the city to fight on temporarily while a relief force was assembled. Army Group South (B), including Friedrich Paulus's 6th Army and Hermann Hoth's 4th Panzer Army, was to move east towards the Volga and Stalingrad. Some of the taller buildings, blasted into roofless shells by earlier German aerial bombardment, saw floor-by-floor, close-quarters combat, with the Germans and Soviets on alternate levels, firing at each other through holes in the floors. 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Areas where the urban destruction restricted their mobility from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students side or! Name of the grain Silo and pavlov 's House there they were not relieved, and Romanian units, in. Operation Uranus outside the pocket offensive Operation was known as Volgograd the same for each side 105,000... Cross the River and join the defenders inside the city did not bother employing tanks in,! Part of Operation Ring ( begun January 10, 1943 ), 156 example, the Soviets across Volga! At least one week Italians, [ 57 ] with 225 confirmed kills during the Nuremberg and. Began with significant German victories infantry surrounded the three factories, it was drawn two armies a breakout, claimed. No longer able to command his men would likely collapse before the German Army groups and...
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