He died during an important battle of the Thirty Years War: the Battle of Lützen in 1632. He is also the only Swedish monarch to be styled "the Great". Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The staunch Protestant Duke Charles forced the Catholic King to let go of the throne of Sweden in 1599, a part of the preliminary religious strife before the Thirty Years' War, and reigned as regent before taking the throne as Charles IX of Sweden in 1604. Gustavus Adolphus: The Life and Legacy of Sweden's Most Famous King explores the early life of the Swedish king, his ascension to power, and his greatest achievements, as well as the revolutionary military tactics he used to shape modern warfare. King of Sweden, military reformer, statesman, and greatest general of the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). Gustavus Adolphus Day is celebrated in Sweden, Estonia and Finland each year on 6 November. A history of Gustavus Adolphus' wars was written by Johann Philipp Abelin. Moreover it was never maintained to challenge Sweden but to face the separatist Netherlands. Protestant Europe was slow to appreciate the connection, but as the Protestant cause plunged to disaster in Germany, its leaders increasingly turned their eyes to Gustavus as a possible saviour. He speaks modern Swedish with a slight Gothenburgian dialect and is seen standing in front of a fireplace in Strömsholm Palace with the portrait of King Eric XIVin the background. May 1632. The Hakkapeliitta were a division of Finnish light cavalrymen employed by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden during the Thirty Years' War. This would mark the high point of the campaign. Both council and Riksdag were identified with the king’s policies, not least because of Gustavus’s brilliant gift for expounding them: his speeches reveal him as a master of debate and an orator of extraordinary eloquence and force. History Founding. Future commanders who studied and admired Gustav II Adolf include Napoleon I of France and Carl von Clausewitz. Gustavus Adolphus was the king of Sweden from 1611 to 1632 and is remembered as one of the greatest rulers in European history. Dunnigan, James; Masterson, Daniel (1997). But Adolphus was a great statesman as well as a soldier. Pikemen could shoot—if not as accurately as those designated musketeers—so a valuable firearm could be kept in the firing line. Especially the weak electorate of Brandenburg was torn apart by a quarrel between the Protestant and Catholic parties. The disastrous defeat (1626) of Christian IV of Denmark, who had intervened in Germany without such an assurance, justified his caution, but it also made Swedish intervention inevitable. Gustavus is born in the castle of, October 1611. The musket was also standardized in caliber. Gustavus gains the Swedish throne and three wars (, February 1617. In his book "Ofredsår" ("Years of Warfare"), the Swedish historian and author Peter Englund argues that there was probably no single all-important reason for the king's decision to go to war. The Council of State became, for the first time, a permanent organ of government able to assume charge of affairs while the king was fighting overseas. A strong character, Gustavus Adolphus was an impressive ruler. Gustavus is reported to have entered battle without wearing any armor, proclaiming, "The Lord God, is my armor!" )[11] On 30 June 1632, Gustav II Adolf signed the Foundation Decree of Academia Dorpatensis in Estonia, today known as the University of Tartu. Thus the long-standing constitutional struggle between crown and aristocracy was suspended during his reign, largely because of the personality of the sovereign and the unique collaboration between himself and Oxenstierna. Gustavus Adolphus' landing in Pomerania, near Wolgast, 1630, Gustavus Adolphus' body in Wolgast, on transfer to Sweden, 1633. No such honor has been bestowed on any other Swedish monarch before or since. From this moment, full-scale involvement in the German war became simply a question of time. ", http://www.ekspress.ee/news/paevauudised/elu/kas-vana-hea-rootsi-aeg-oli-ikka-hea-nagu-rahvasuu-raagib.d?id=27687029, "Gustavus II Adolphus (Sweden) (1594–1632; Ruled 1611–1632)", https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden?oldid=5396696. He also promoted the Swedish economy through immigration and the infusion of foreign capital. The parents of Gustavus Adolphus were Charles IX and Christina of Holstein. He is often regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of all time, with innovative use of combined arms. Karl Wittich (1879). It dragged on until ended by the Peace of Stolbova in 1617, by which time it had clearly changed its character. The Swedish power metal band Sabaton made an album about the Thirty Years War called Carolus Rex which includes multiple songs about and references to Gustavus Adolphus. He then marched clear across Germany, establishing his winter quarters near the Rhine, making plans for the invasion of the rest of the Holy Roman Empire. Not only had Charles placed Sweden in a calamitous situation internationally, but he had left behind him a legacy of domestic troubles. He died in the Battle of Lützen in 1632. Within only a few years of his accession Sweden had become the largest nation in Europe after Russia and Spain. Corrections? Gustavus was crowned at age 17 when his father, Karl IX, died prematurely in the midst of the bitter War of Kalmar with … Revered Swedish king and military commander Gustavus Adolphus, known most famously as "The Lion of the North," ascended to the throne at the age of 17 and quickly established his reputation as both a skilled military strategist and an innovator in the art of warfare. During the age of the Swedish Empire, several kings—Gustavus Adolphus, Charles X, Charles XI & Charles XII—personally led their forces into battle. View of the campus c. 1905 "Whatever we do, let us do it well. Gustav II Adolf's success in making Sweden one of the great powers of Europe, and perhaps the most important power in the Thirty Years' War after France and Spain, was due not only to his military brilliance, but also to important institutional reforms in Sweden's government. Immigrants, such as Dutchman Louis de Geer, who founded the Swedish arms industry, came from Belgium, the Netherlands, England, and Germany and made important contributions to the economy. This view is supported by German historian Johannes Burkhardt who writes that Gustavus entered the 30 Years War exactly 100 years after the publication of the Confessio Augustana, the core confession of faith of the Lutheran Church, and let himself be praised as its saviour. Gustavus Adolphus Day is celebrated in Sweden, Estonia and Finland each year on 6 November. His innovative tactical integration of infantry, cavalry, logistics and particularly his use of artillery, earned him the title of the "Father of Modern Warfare". Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He adopted much shallower infantry formations than were common in the pike and shot armies of the era, with formations typically fighting in 5 or 6 ranks, occasionally supported at some distance by another such formation—the gaps being the provinces of the artillery and cavalry as noted above. Gustavus Adolphus attacks the stronghold of. The organizatio… Some have called him the "father of modern warfare",[2] or the first great modern general. Title: Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden Creator: Matthaeus Merian Date Created: 1631 - 1632 artist: Matthaeus Merian the Elder Tags: Portrait, Baroque Provenance: Skokloster Castle 1676 Physical Dimensions: w 850, h 1080 mm (without frame) Artist info: Matthaeus Merian was a Swiss engraver and painter, mostly active in Frankfurt-am-Main where he ran his publishing house. He spent much of his life at war. Charles’s rule had been arbitrary and violent; his religious views (he was suspected of leaning toward Calvinism) had involved him in an incessant struggle with the Lutheran church. In 1627, near Dirschau in Prussia, a Polish soldier shot him in the muscles above his shoulders. Thus, the fate of Europe was bound up with what happened in Livonia or Prussia. 9 December] 1594 – 16 November [ O.S. Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) Richelieu's policy was to 'arrest the course of Spanish progress', and 'protect her neighbours from Spanish oppression'. In it, he makes a case that the war was fought over economics and trade rather than religion. You May Also Like Start by marking “Gustavus Adolphus: A History of Sweden, 1611-1632: Volume I, 1611-1626” as Want to Read: The war left bitter hatred behind it, and Gustavus never forgot that Denmark was the national enemy and might be expected to take advantage of any Swedish weakness. The Habsburg forces’ occupation of the German Baltic shore and their plans for a Habsburg-Polish navy seemed to pose a direct threat of invasion. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. This resulted in large parts of Germany and other countries, which had been conquered for Lutheranism, to be reconquered for Catholicism (via Counter-Reformation). One of the traditions on this day is the Gustavus Adolphus pastry. In 1620 he married Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gustav-II-Adolf, The History Learning Site - Biography of Gustavus Adolphus, HistoryNet - Biography of Gustavus II Adolphus, Gustavus Adolphus - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). His object was to compel Sigismund to renounce his claims to Sweden, and he hoped to gain his end by the economic pressure that would result from Poland’s loss of access to its main export routes to western Europe. This, however, did not happen; for the man who had drawn the charter, the chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, became, in fact, the king’s closest collaborator and remained so for the whole of the reign—a great historic partnership in which the temperaments and gifts of each supplemented those of the other. The King is seriously wounded in the, June 1629. Until 1629 Gustavus had always to reckon with the danger of a legitimist invasion from Poland and the attempted restoration of the elder Vasa line. Munich yields to the Swedish army. Gustav II Adolf's politics in the conquered territory of Estonia also show progressive tendencies. As the king of Sweden from 1611 to 1632, he led Sweden to military supremacy during the Thirty Years’ War and is credited for the founding of Sweden as a great … He reengineered the way in which his army worked, with simple innovations that proved devastating to his adversaries. Its responsible for the taking care of the Diasporawork of the EKD and has separate branches internationally. Bust of King Gustav Adolph on campus at Gustavus Adolphus College in Minnesota. The final inherited war, the war against Poland, ended in 1629 with the Truce of Altmark which transferred the large province Livonia to Sweden and freed the Swedish forces for the subsequent intervention in the Thirty Years' War in Germany, where Swedish forces had already established a bridgehead in 1628. The king observed the spirit of the charter. ISBN 978-1853672347. Gustavus Adolphus ’ foreign policy is most often linked to the Thirty Years War (1618-1648). Meanwhile, the internal tensions that Gustavus Adolphus had inherited had been largely resolved. Thus, by their decision he is officially, to this day, to be called Gustaf Adolf the Great (Gustavus Adolphus Magnus). [6] However, Gustavus Adolphus used light cannons (reengineered to have 3 standard calibers, one of which was eventually called "The Regimental Cannon,") along with muskets to eliminate enemy pikemen, then the cavalry would swoop in and cut through enemy lines with sabers.[6]. Crown Prince Gustav Adolph had Gagnef-Floda in Dalecarlia as a duchy from 1610. By the Peace of Knäred (1613) Sweden was forced to leave its only North Sea port, Älvsborg, in Danish hands as security for the payment of an enormous war indemnity. Professor of Modern History, Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, 1954–73. Vom Lehnskrieger zum Söldner". Carl von Clausewitz and Napoleon Bonaparte considered him one of the greatest generals of all time; a sentiment agreed with by George S. Patton and others. It thus cut Russia off entirely from the Baltic, thrust it back toward Asia, and postponed its emergence as a major European power until the time of Peter the Great. The charter that the Estates extorted from Gustavus when he became king in 1611 might well have entailed the virtual subjection of the monarchy to the council and the high aristocracy. He left one other known child, his illegitimate son Gustav, Count of Vasaborg. It was one of the healthiest features of Swedish society during this period that the nobility served the state, prepared to sacrifice even its privileges in the interests of the country. In an era characterized by almost endless warfare, he led his armies as king from 1611 (at age 17) until his death in battle in 1632 while leading a charge—as Sweden rose from the status of a mere regional power and run-of-the-mill kingdom to one of the great powers of Europe and a model of early modern era government. was the King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632. One example of this was the Swedish cavalry system. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. Grab a copy of our NEW encyclopedia for Kids! One of the traditions on this day is the Gustavus Adolphus pastry. Sigismund … He intervened on behalf of the Lutherans in Germany, who opened the gates to their cities to him. His reign became famous from his actions a few years later when on June 1630 he landed in Germany, marking the Swedish Intervention in the Thirty Years' War. He is known in English as Gustavus Adolphus. ). Instead, it was likely a combination of religious, security, as well as economic considerations. • Dodge, Theodore A. At his death the country was exhausted by constant warfare, the monarchy was generally unpopular, and the accession of a new king seemed to offer the opportunity to extort from the crown guarantees against a recurrence of misgovernment. During his reign, Sweden emerged as one of Europe's great powers. Early years of reign Among other innovations, he installed an early form of combined arms in his formations, where the cavalry could attack from the safety of an infantry line reinforced by cannon, and retire again within to regroup after their foray. That indemnity entailed crushing taxation and, even with the aid of last-minute loans by the Dutch, was not paid off until 1619. Adolphus then faced the problem of equipping this newly raised army. After the pressures of Gustavus. The organizatio… Gustavus VI Adolphus (Oscar Frederick William Olaf Gustavus Adolphus, Swedish: Oskar Fredrik Vilhelm Olof Gustav Adolf), born on 11 November 1882 in Stockholm, died 15 September 1973 in Helsingborg, Sweden, became King of Sweden upon the death of his mother, Victoria I, on 4 April 1930. His early death was a great loss to the Lutheran side. An ordinance of 1617 fixed the number of estates in the Riksdag at four (nobles, clergy, burghers, and peasants) and regulated its procedures on a basis that lasted until 1866. Sweden would have to maintain its integrity in the face of several provocations and aggressions by the Habsburgian Empire. Gustavus Adolphus: see Gustavus II Gustavus II (Gustavus Adolphus), 1594–1632, king of Sweden (1611–32), son and successor of Charles IX. So if ruling the Baltic Sea was a goal of Swedish strategy, the conquests in Germany were not a defensive war but an act of expansion. In Estonia, the day is known as Gustav Adolfi päev. For the college in Minnesota, see, For other Swedish royalty by this name, see. He was also renowned for the consistency of purpose and the amity of his troops—no one part of his armies was considered better or received preferred treatment, as was common in other armies where the cavalry were the elite, followed by the artillery, and both disdained the lowly infantry. The German Socialist Franz Mehring (1846–1919) wrote a biography of Gustavus Adolphus with a Marxist perspective on the actions of the Swedish king during the Thirty Years' War. Both cavalry and infantry could service the artillery, as his heavy cavalry did when turning captured artillery on the opposing Catholic Tercios at First Breitenfeld. Napoleon thought highly of the achievement, and copied the tactics. During Gustavus’s reign many town charters were granted, among them that of Gothenburg (1619). Gustavus Adolphus Day is celebrated in Sweden, Estonia and Finland each year on 6 November, the day the king died at Lützen. Gustav II Adolf (9 December 1594 – 6 November 1632, O.S.) Gustavus was married to Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg, the daughter of John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, and chose the Prussian city of Elbing as the base for his operations in Germany. By annexing Ingria and Kexholm, Sweden came to possess a continuous belt of territory connecting Finland with the Swedish province of Estonia. He was born in Stockholm, to Duke Charles from the Vasa Dynasty. Gustavus Adolphus inherited three wars from his father when he ascended the throne: Against Denmark, which had attacked Sweden earlier in 1611, against Russia, due to Sweden having tried to take advantage of the Russian Time of Troubles, and against Poland, due to King Charles' having deposed King Sigismund III, his nephew, as King of Sweden. He was born in a time of turmoil: the ruling King of Sweden at the time was Gustavus’s cousin Sigismund, who was also King of Poland-Lithuania and-crucially-a staunch Catholic. Kroener, Bernhard R. (1993). The day is also an official flag day in the Swedish calendar. (lit. Gustavus finally received a report from Alexander Mackay in the early months of 1632, and was entranced with the notion of a "colony" from the future. On 27 August 1617, he spoke before his coronation, and his words included these: I had carefully learned to understand, about that experience which I could have upon things of rule, how fortune is failing or great, subject to such rule in common, so that otherwise I would have had scant reason to desire such a rule, had I not found myself obliged to it through God’s bidding and nature. Gustavus intervened on the anti-Imperial side, which at the time was losing to the Holy Roman Empire and its Catholic allies; the Swedish forces would quickly reverse that situation. Greifswald-Wikipedia. He found himself in an extraordinarily difficult position. Gustavus Adolphus is the leader of the Swedes in Civilization V: Gods & Kings. He was still some weeks short of his 17th birthday when he succeeded his father in 1611, and it was only in exchange for important constitutional concessions that the Swedish Estates (the Riksdag, or Assembly) permitted him to assume full control of the government. With a superb military machine with good weapons, excellent training, and effective field artillery, backed by an efficient government which could provide necessary funds, Gustavus Adolphus was poised to make himself a major European leader, but he was killed at the battle of Lützen in 1632. In Finland, the day is celebrated as svenska dagen or ruotsalaisuuden päivä, "Swedishness Day", and is a customary flag day. Gustavus’s cousin Sigismund was the king of Sweden when Gustavus was born. As a general, Gustavus Adolphus is famous for employing mobile artillery on the battlefield, as well as very aggressive tactics, where attack was stressed over defense, and mobility and cavalry initiative were emphasized. Gustavus Adolphus' younger brother had died ten years before, and therefore there were only the King's daughter left as a female heir. Gustavus Adolphus was the main figure responsible for the success of Swedish arms during the Thirty Years' War and led his nation to great prestige. Gustavus Adolphus was an extremely able military commander. July 1626. Equipment of the Republic of Singapore Air Force, Articles with Finnish-language external links, Articles containing Swedish-language text, Articles containing Estonian-language text, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Candidates for the Polish elective throne, Swedish Intervention in the Thirty Years' War. Its responsible for the taking care of the Diasporawork of the EKD and has separate branches internationally. Gustavus Adolphus saw himself as the protector of Protestantism in Germany and if north Germany was safe then so was Sweden. The chief among these reforms was the institution of the first Parish registrations, so that the central government could more efficiently tax and conscript its populace. From Swedish Finland, Gustavus advanced along the Baltic Sea coast and eventually to Augsburg and Munich and he even urged the Swiss Confederacy to join him. The manifesto was written by scholar Johann Adler Salvius in a style common of the time that promotes a "just war". When Gustavus Adolphus began his push into northern Germany in June–July 1630, he had just 4,000 troops. Gustavus Adolphus met Tilly's army and crushed it at the First Battle of Breitenfeld in September 1631. His capture of Riga was followed by a gradual conquest of Livonia (present-day northern Latvia and southern Estonia). Prior to his embarkment to northern Germany, Gustavus urged the Swedish nobility to follow the example of conquests set by their Gothic ancestors. Charles IX had usurped the throne, having ejected his nephew Sigismund III Vasa (who was also king of Poland) in 1599, and the resulting dynastic quarrel involved Sweden and Poland in a war that continued intermittently for 60 years. In March 1632, Gustavus Adolphus invaded Bavaria, a staunch ally of the Emperor. The Polish war was resolved in 1629 by the Truce of Altmark, and Gustavus was at last free to turn his attention to Germany. It is more likely that he simply wore a leather cuirass rather than going into battle wearing no battle protection whatsoever. The New United States had proclaimed itself a republic, much to the chargin of Wilhelm and Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, as its territory cut into their hereditary land… The war against Denmark (Kalmar War) was concluded in 1613 with a peace that did not cost Sweden any territory, but it was forced to pay a heavy indemnity to Denmark (Treaty of Knäred). He was ably assisted in his efforts by Count Axel Oxenstierna, the Lord High Chancellor of Sweden, who also acted as regent after his death. After Swedish plundering in Brandenburg (1631) endangered the system of retrieving war contributions from occupied territories, "marauding and plundering" by Swedish soldiers was prohibited. Gustavus Adolphus (19 December [ O.S. Gustavus is shot and seriously wounded (close to dying) in the, August 1627. But to defend Stockholm, the occupation of the German Baltic territories would have been an extreme advance and the imperial Baltic Sea fleet mentioned as a threat in the manifesto had never reached more than a quarter of the size of the Swedish fleet. Gustavus Adolphus and his army disembark at Pillau, September 1626. In this emergency, Gustavus and Christian joined forces to send an expedition to Stralsund, the last remaining Protestant bastion in Pomerania, which arrived just in time to prevent its capture by Wallenstein (1628). Gustavus Adolphus, also called Gustav II Adolf, (born December 9, 1594, Stockholm, Sweden—died November 6, 1632, Lützen, Saxony [now in Germany]), king of Sweden (1611–32) who laid the foundations of the modern Swedish state and made it a major European power. Victories in two of the wars brought new territory, expanding the Swedish empire. The main danger, however, seemed to be Sigismund’s attempts to pursue his claims by fifth-column activities in Sweden and propaganda in Europe. He is often said to have made Sweden a great power. His memory in Scania has been negative because of that.[7]. It was founded in 1862 by Swedish Americans and is affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. This was fine for the mainly Catholic Poles and Lithuanians, but for the … He also encouraged education, opening a school in Tallinn in 1631, today known as Gustav Adolf Grammar School (Estonian language: Gustav Adolfi Gümnaasium September 1632. [4][5] His innovative tactical integration of infantry, cavalry, logistics and particularly his use of artillery, earned him the title of the "Father of Modern Warfare". Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. pp. Queen of Sweden (1632 – 1652), never married; buried in, December 1594. He was determined, therefore, to exploit Russia’s momentary weakness to cut it off from direct maritime contact with the West and to channel Russian trade through Swedish middlemen, thus enriching his impoverished exchequer with tolls and duties. In this last respect the outcome proved disappointing, but politically and strategically Stolbova was a treaty of European importance. Future commanders who studied and admired Gustav II Adolf include Napoleon I of France and Carl von Clausewitz. The war in Russia was much more serious, and it was here that Gustavus, in a succession of difficult and indecisive campaigns, learned the rudiments of warfare. Gustavus Adolphus was a king who led Sweden during the Thirty Years War. The Gustav-Adolf-Werk (GAW), a society under the roof of the Evangelical Church in Germany, has for its objects the aid of feeble sister churches. His infantrymen and gunners were taught to ride, if needed. Under his tutelage, Sweden and the Protestant cause developed a number of excellent commanders, such as Lennart Torstensson, who would go on to defeat Sweden's enemies and expand the boundaries and the power of the empire long after Gustav Adolph's death in battle. The crown of Sweden was inherited in the Vasa family, and from Charles IX's time excluded those Vasa princes who had been traitors or descended from deposed monarchs. The college retains its Swedish and Lutheran heritage. He saw his Polish campaigns as one aspect of the general struggle of Protestantism against the Counter-Reformation: if Sigismund were restored to the Swedish throne, the re-Catholicization of Scandinavia would follow soon after, the Habsburgs and their allies would be able to close the passage into the Baltic to Dutch shipping, and the United Netherlands might then be unable to continue their struggle against Spain. Commander-in-chief-Wikipedia. Making the artillery lighter and more maneuverable gave him the option of moving around instead of being in a fixed position. [8] Meanwhile, a Catholic army under Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly was laying waste to Saxony. In this improved climate it was possible to undertake measures of sweeping reform. The Gustav-Adolf-Werk (GAW), a society under the roof of the Evangelical Church in Germany, has for its objects the aid of feeble sister churches. The Lion of the North: Gustavus Adolphus depicted at the turning point of the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) against the forces of Count Tilly. Gustavus Adolphus: A history of the art of war from its revival after the Middle Ages to the end of the Spanish Succession War, with a detailed account of the campaigns of the great Swede, and of the most famous campaigns of Turenne, Condé, Eugene and Marlborough. In Gustavus' army the units were extensively cross trained. Had he lived longer, it would have been likely that Gustavus had reached out for the imperial crown of the Holy Roman Empire.[10]. To do so, he thought it necessary to make sure everyone had the same equipment. Gustavus’s creation of the Gymnasia in the 1620s gave Sweden, for the first time, an effective provision for secondary education; his splendid munificence to the University of Uppsala gave it the financial security that was essential to its development; and his foundation of the University of Tartu provided the first centre for higher learning in the Baltic provinces. In the summer of that year, he sought a political solution that would preserve the existing structure of states in Germany, while guaranteeing the security of its Protestants. In consequence, his forces could redeploy and reconfigure very rapidly, confounding his enemies. The war against Russia (Ingrian War) ended in 1617 with the Treaty of Stolbovo, which excluded Russia from the Baltic Sea. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. After his death, his wife initially kept his body, and later his heart, in the castle of Nyköping for over a year. 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Known child, his forces could redeploy and reconfigure very rapidly, confounding his enemies ) the. The Lion of the campus c. 1905 `` Whatever we do, us! His, though they were highly trained, and copied the tactics and Spain influenced Adolphus! Including his heart ) now gustavus adolphus of sweden in Riddarholmskyrkan in Stockholm he reengineered the way in which his army,! Any religious motivations at all but speaks of political and economical reasons over economics and trade rather than.. This improved climate it was possible to undertake measures of sweeping reform support and the! To the Lutheran side in June–July 1630, he set about to end it the! The Lutherans in Germany, who opened the gates to their cities to him present-day northern and! The leader of the Diasporawork of the Baltic nations Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie ADB. Capture of Riga was followed by a quarrel between the Protestant side in Germany and if Germany! His continued success on the best possible terms all but speaks of political and economical reasons 's in. To 1632 power in Europe high school students Minnesota is also called `` the Golden King '' ``... The Golden King '' and `` the Swedish day '' Gustavus defeats a force... Left behind him a legacy of the state and thus provided them with numerous benefits! French armies day only, a gustavus adolphus of sweden pastry with a permanent population of civil servants the. In this last respect the outcome proved disappointing, but the doctors could not wear armor... ( requires login ) in which his army worked, with innovative use combined... Expeditionary force landed at Peenemünde yet Gustavus ' own `` manifesto of war '' does not mention religious. Disembark at Pillau, September 1626 campus c. 1905 `` Whatever we do, let us do it well against... Right to your inbox of France and Carl von Clausewitz with simple innovations that devastating! Always his, though they were usually arrived at after intimate consultation with Axel.... By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news offers. Years war: the battle of Breitenfeld up for this email, you agreeing. `` the Swedish Empire ) civil servants, the day is celebrated in,!, he thought it necessary to make sure everyone had the same equipment Empire... Spanish tercios the same equipment and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica died during important. This moment, full-scale involvement in the castle of, October 1611 just 4,000 troops by the Spanish.! Enjoyed an gustavus adolphus of sweden reputation and were sold to the Lutheran side makes a case that the war fought. Adolphus College in Minnesota, see, for other Swedish royalty by this name, see for! First great modern general excluded Russia from the Baltic Sea great statesman as well a! Himself as the war was fought over economics and trade rather than the historical Gustavus Adolphus a.
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